Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children
Author: National Research Council
Many of the pesticides applied to food crops in this country are present in foods and may pose risks to human health. Current regulations are intended to protect the health of the general population by controlling pesticide use. This book explores whether the present regulatory approaches adequately protect infants and children, who may differ from adults in susceptibility and in dietary exposures to pesticide residues.
The committee focuses on four major areas:
- Susceptibility: Are children more susceptible or less susceptible than adults to the effects of dietary exposure to pesticides?
- Exposure: What foods do infants and children eat, and which pesticides and how much of them are present in those foods? Is the current information on consumption and residues adequate to estimate exposure?
- Toxicity: Are toxicity tests in laboratory animals adequate to predict toxicity in human infants and children? Do the extent and type of toxicity of some chemicals vary by species and by age?
- Assessing risk: How is dietary exposure to pesticide residues associated with response? How can laboratory data on lifetime exposures of animals be used to derive meaningful estimates of risk to children? Does risk accumulate more rapidly during the early years of life?
Booknews
Explores whether infants and children differ from adults in susceptibility and in dietary exposures to pesticide residues in food, and if so, whether the present regulatory approaches adequately protect them. Based on the committee's research, 1988- 93, summarizes pesticide use, data collection methods, toxicity testing, and federal regulations, emphasizing prenatal and perinatal toxicity, age-specific eating patterns, estimating pesticide residues, and mathematical risk modeling. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
See also: Unirsi insieme: Teoria di gruppo ed abilit� del gruppo
Meeting Psychosocial Needs of Women with Breast Cancer
Author: Maria Hewitt
In Meeting Psychosocial Needs of Women with Breast Cancer, the National Cancer Policy Board of the Institute of Medicine examines the psychosocial consequences of the cancer experience. The book focuses specifically on breast cancer in women because this group has the largest survivor population (over 2 million) and this disease is the most extensively studied cancer from the standpoint of psychosocial effects. The book characterizes the psychosocial consequences of a diagnosis of breast cancer, describes psychosocial services and how they are delivered, and evaluates their effectiveness. It assesses the status of professional education and training and applied clinical and health services research and proposes policies to improve the quality of care and quality of life for women with breast cancer and their families. Because cancer of the breast is likely a good model for cancer at other sites, recommendations for this cancer should be applicable to the psychosocial care provided generally to individuals with cancer. For breast cancer, and indeed probably for any cancer, the report finds that psychosocial services can provide significant benefits in quality of life and success in coping with serious and life-threatening disease for patients and their families.
Doody Review Services
Reviewer: Melody L McKinney, DNS, RN (Indiana State University)
Description: Nearly all women diagnosed with breast cancer experience psychological distress but most effectively cope and adapt to their situations. Yet, roughly 30 percent of women experience major or prolonged distress and would likely benefit from some form of psychosocial intervention. In this report by the National Cancer Policy Board of the National Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council, the psycho-oncology literature on breast cancer is reviewed for the purpose of making policy recommendations to enhance the delivery of breast cancer care. This second report of a three-part series on cancer survivorship builds on an earlier recommendation that psychosocial support services are essential to quality cancer care.
Purpose: The purpose of this report is to "characterize the psychosocial consequences of a diagnosis of breast cancer; evaluate the effectiveness of services to alleviate psychosocial distress; assess the status of current psychosocial interventions; assess the status of professional education and training and applied research; and propose policies to improve the quality of care and life for women with breast cancer and their families."
Audience: The authors anticipate the report will be useful to "stakeholders and policy makers in cancer care, women with or concerned about breast cancer, and the general public."
Features: The report contains eight chapters. Chapters one and two provide an introduction and overview of the epidemiology of breast cancer. Chapters three and four examine the psychosocial needs of women experiencing breast cancer, along with psychosocial services and providers. Chapter five reviews the literature on psychosocial intervention research. Chapters six and seven focus on the structure and delivery of psychosocial services, along with barriers and the use of services. Chapter eight examines the status of breast cancer research, suggesting future research priorities and recommendations to research sponsors.
Assessment: This well-referenced and scholarly report fulfills its purpose of illuminating the psychosocial needs of women with breast cancer and making recommendations for clinical and research priorities. A multitude of tables and figures facilitate the presentation of vast amounts of information, yet are of questionable value to the general public. Appendix A, an agenda on a past research/educational offering, seems of little current value. Appendix B provides excellent table summarizations of clinical trials in breast cancer research from 1980 to 2002. As with findings from any focused research, caution should be taken in generalizing the findings and recommendations from this report on women with breast cancer to all cancer patients and survivors.
Rating
3 Stars from Doody
Table of Contents:
| Executive summary | 1 | |
| 1 | Introduction | 11 |
| 2 | Epidemiology of breast cancer | 15 |
| 3 | Psychosocial needs of women with breast cancer | 21 |
| 4 | Psychosocial services and providers | 70 |
| 5 | The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for women with breast cancer | 95 |
| 6 | Delivering psychosocial services | 133 |
| 7 | Barriers to appropriate use of psychosocial services | 165 |
| 8 | Research | 199 |
| App. A | Meeting psychosocial needs of women with breast cancer | 229 |
| App. B : Tables and boxes summarizing evidence from clinical trials | 234 |
No comments:
Post a Comment